| The Lord Beresford | |
|---|---|
Beresford, as pictured in Queen Alexandra's Christmas Gift Book, distributed for charity |
|
| Born | 10 February 1846 |
| Died | 6 September 1919 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1859-1911 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands held | |
| Battles/wars | Urabi Revolt Gordon Relief Expedition |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order |
Charles William de la Poer Beresford, 1st Baron Beresford GCB GCVO (10 February 1846 – 6 September 1919), styled Lord Charles Beresford between 1859 and 1916, was a British Admiral and Member of Parliament.
Beresford was the second son of John Beresford, 4th Marquess of Waterford, thus despite his honorary title as second son was still eligible to enter the House of Commons. He combined the two careers of the navy and a member of parliament, making a reputation as a hero in battle and champion of the navy in the House of Commons. He was a well-known and popular figure who courted publicity, widely known to the British public as "Charlie B". He was considered by many to be a personification of John Bull, indeed was normally accompanied by his trademark, a bulldog.
His later career was marked by a longstanding dispute with Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fisher, over reforms championed by Fisher introducing new technology and sweeping away traditional practices. Fisher, slightly senior to Beresford and more successful, became a barrier to Beresford's rise to the highest office in the navy. Beresford rose to occupy the most senior sea commands, the Mediterranean and Channel fleets, but failed in his ambition to become First Sea Lord. Charles was captivated by the sight of the Channel Fleet at age twelve.[1]
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Beresford was the second of five brothers. His older brother John joined the life guards, succeeding to the family estate and titles in 1866 on the death of their father. William joined the 9th Lancers, won a V.C. in the Zulu wars and became military secretary to several viceroys of India. Marcus joined the 7th Hussars, became an equerry to King George and in charge of the King's racehorses. The youngest brother, Delaval, became a rancher in Canada.[2]
His family traced their ancestry to Englishmen who had invaded Ireland with James I and stayed to rule. Their estate covered 100,000 acres (400 km2) at Curraghmore near Waterford in South East Ireland, had stables for 100 horses and employed 600 people.[3] The family enjoyed hunting, to the extent that his uncle was killed in a riding accident, his brother was crippled in another, and he himself managed ten broken bones at various times.[1]
Beresford had a reputation for kindness to his men, saying 'Any smart action performed by an officer or man should be appreciated publicly by signal...Everyone is grateful for appreciation'.[4] At 46 and as captain, he took part in inter-ship rowing competitions.
He married Mina Gardner, daughter of Richard Gardner and Lucy Mandesloh, on 25 June 1878 at London, England. They had two daughters, the Hon. Eileen Teresa Lucy de la Poer Beresford (d. 1939) and the Hon. Kathleen Mary de la Poer Beresford (1879–1939).
Beresford joined the Royal Navy in 1859 aged 13, and started his training as a cadet at the naval training academy HMS Britannia; successfully completing his passing-out examination in March 1861.[5] He was immediately appointed a midshipman on the flagship of the Mediterranean fleet, the steam three-decker Marlborough.[5] Beresford described the Marlborough as "the smartest and happiest ship that ever floated".[6] Beresford left the Marlborough in Spring 1863,[6] and was appointed to the Defence in the summer of 1863. The Defence was one of four new ironclads serving in the Channel Squadron; Beresford was unhappy in the Defence, which he described as "a slovenly, unhandy tin kettle, which could not sail without steam... and which took minutes instead of seconds to cross topgallant yards".[7] Beresford got into debt, his father consulted Admiral Eden, who arranged for Beresford's transfer in mid-1864 to the steam-corvette Clio, where Beresford would be the senior midshipman, which it was hoped would develop Beresford's sense of responsibility.[8] In Spring 1865, the Clio visited the Kingdom of Hawaii (then known as the Sandwich Islands); it was then that Beresford first met the Nancy Wahinekapu Sumner, one of Queen Dowager Emma's courtladies.[9] Beresford and Sumner became friends, and continued their friendship through correspondence.[9] Later in 1865, Beresford was transferred to the steam-corvette Tribune, which was commanded by Lord Gilford and was one of the smartest ships in the navy at the time.[10] Beresford was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant in January 1866.[10] A month later Beresford was transferred to the steam-frigate Sutlej, the flagship of the Pacific Squadron.[11] Beresford passed his seamanship examination to qualify for lieutenant on board the Sutlej, which he left later in 1866.[12] Beresford did a gunnery course on the Excellent, a hulk in Portsmouth harbour.[12] Beresford broke a bone in his foot whilst mismounting a gun on the Excellent, an injury that caused him pain for the rest of his life.[12] Beresford joined the Research still as a sub-lieutenant in 1867,[13] and then in the summer of 1868 was one of the sub-lieutenants on the royal yacht Victoria and Albert.[13] Beresford joined the steam-frigate Galatea,[14] commanded by Queen Victoria's son the Duke of Edinburgh, and toured the world, witnessed executions in Japan and got tattooed.[15] On a visit to the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1869, Beresford met Nancy Sumner again. He proposed to her, but she refused due to their social and racial differences.[9]
He entered Parliament as a Conservative in 1874, representing County Waterford and retained his seat until 1880. Some difficulties arose with the Lords of the Admiralty, who objected to a junior officer debating the navy publicly in the House of Commons. Beresford's parliamentary career was saved by the intervention of the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, who feared the loss of the seat to an opposition party, should Beresford be forced to resign.[16] Whilst an MP he continued to serve in the navy, becoming a commander in 1875.
In 1874, Beresford was one of thirty-two aides chosen to accompany the Prince of Wales on a tour of India. Victoria objected, on the grounds of his bad reputation, but he remained at the Prince's insistence. The tour was a lively mixture of social engagements and animal hunts. The Prince insisted on dressing for dinner, even in the jungle, but allowed the concession of cutting off the tails of their evening coats, creating the dinner jacket.[17] He was aide-de-camp to the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, from 1875 until 1876.
During his service under Edward VII, he became involved in an affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick (i.e., Frances Brooke), with whom Edward VII was also involved romantically. The affair strained his friendship with Edward VII, even though Edward himself was married to Alexandra of Denmark.[18]
From 1878 until 1881 Beresford was second in command of the royal yacht HMY Osborne. He was captain of the gunboat HMS Condor in 1882 when it took part in the bombardment of Alexandria during the Egyptian war of 1882 and won admiration amongst the British public for taking his ship inshore to bombard the Egyptian batteries at close range.
In 1884 and 1885 Beresford joined the staff of the Gordon Relief Expedition under Garnet Wolseley, along with the Naval Brigade and a Gardner machinegun, to which Beresford was much attracted. During the battle of Abu Klea, Dervishes overran his Gardner gun when it jammed at the last moment. Beresford just escaped death by diving under the trail of the gun. Henry Newbolt's Abu Klea poem "Vitaï Lampada" is often quoted, "The Gatling's jammed and the Colonel's dead...", although it was a Gardner machine gun which jammed.
In 1885 he was again elected to Parliament, this time as MP for Marylebone East, and re-elected at the 1886 general election. Beresford constantly pushed for greater expenditure on the navy, resigning his seat in protest on this issue in 1888. Meanwhile in 1886 he had also become Junior Naval Lord.[19] The Naval Expenditure Act of 1889, which increased naval spending, was passed partly as a result of public pressure resulting from this action. From 1889 until 1893 he was the captain of HMS Undaunted, which was part of the Mediterranean Fleet.
In 1898 Beresford was promoted to rear-admiral and again entered Parliament, this time representing York. He retained this seat until 1900, although he spent much of his time in China representing the Associated Chambers of Commerce, and from 1900 onwards was second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet. A dislike steadily developed between Beresford and Jackie Fisher who was then commanding that fleet. Shortly after his arrival, Beresford took a company of men ashore and used them as stand-ins for ships to practice manoeuvring and assembling a fleet. Fisher noticed the display and publicly sent a signal demanding to know why Beresford had landed his men without permission. Lord Charles resented his superior as a social climber from unknown origins, while Fisher was jealous of Beresford's inherited wealth and social position.[20]
Beresford returned to Parliament in 1902, this time for Woolwich, but resigned in 1903 when he was promoted to admiral and appointed chief of the Channel Fleet. Beresford was in command of the Mediterranean Fleet from 1905 until 1907. David Beatty, then a captain serving under Beresford, commented that Beresford's command of the fleet was characterised by 'rigid training and discouragement of initiative'. Beresford aspired to reach the navy's most senior post, First Sea Lord, but the position was held by Fisher, who was widely respected. Mandatory retirement at 65 would have led to Fisher departing in 1906, but promotion for Fisher to Admiral of the fleet also brought with it an extension of retirement age to 70. Beresford himself would reach retirement at 65 in 1911, unless he too could achieve the same promotion. As this seemed unlikely, the only possibility was if Fisher resigned, or was obliged to. Beresford set about organising a campaign criticising his handling of the navy and its reforms.[21]
Beresford transferred to command of the Channel fleet from 1907–1909. He was complimented as having 'no superior as a seaman', but his time in charge was described as 'principally a processional career around the ports of Britain...I do not recall that any serious problems of war were either attempted or solved [but] Lord Charles received deputations, addressed crowded meetings in his honour, and became freeman of innumerable cities'.[22] It was noted that his personality seemed to have changed for the worse, and historians have suggested that he might have suffered a minor stroke at some time before 1907.[21] In 1907 and 1908 there were two signals incidents with Admiral Percy Scott; in 1907 Scott objected to being taken off gunnery practice to clean ships for viewing by the Kaiser,[23] and in 1908 Scott disobeyed an order from Beresford which would have resulted in a collision.
By 1909, Beresford had managed to gain sufficient support for an official enquiry to be opened by the Prime Minister into Fisher's conduct at the admiralty. The enquiry exonerated Fisher, but sufficient damage was done to his reputation that he was obliged to retire slightly early, in 1910, in anticipation of a forthcoming general election.
After his term with the Channel Fleet finished in 1909, Beresford returned to Parliament at the January 1910 general election, representing Portsmouth. In 1912, it was proposed by George V, who knew Beresford, that he might be promoted Admiral of the Fleet, but it fell to Beatty, now naval secretary to First Lord Winston Churchill to point out that others would be more deserving of such a promotion. Beresford had been somewhat left behind by the technological innovations and changes in the navy during the last years of his service as an admiral. It is likely that he would have performed poorly had he continued as an admiral into World War One. However, at times during his career he supported proposals to reform the fleet signal book, which might have made it more suitable for wartime use, and had championed reforms in fire control, where understanding of how best to use the new big guns on Fisher's dreadnought ships lagged behind their ability to hit at long ranges.[24]
Fisher was replaced as First Sea Lord by Sir Francis Bridgeman. Bridgman proved to be unsatisfactory, and Churchill resolved to replace him with the Second Sea Lord, Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beresford questioned the matter of Bridgman's resignation, officially said to be for reasons of ill health, by challenging Churchill in the House of Commons. Churchill responded, saying of Beresford that "since I became first lord of the admiralty...within a fortnight he made a speech in which he said I had betrayed the navy...and ever since he has been going about the country pouring out charges of espionage, favouritism, blackmail, fraud, and inefficiency... The noble Lord nourishes many bitter animosities on naval matters". The House of Commons supported Churchill, considering that Beresford's attack was a continuation of his dispute with Fisher, who was now acting privately as advisor to Churchill.[25]
On the eve of World War I, First Lord Churchill and First Sea Lord Prince Louis of Battenberg made the crucial decision to cancel the scheduled dispersal of the British fleet following practice manoeuvres, in order to preserve the Royal Navy's battle readiness.[26][27] Nonetheless with the outbreak of war, rising anti-German sentiment among the British public, newspapers, and elite gentlemen's clubs (where resentment was inflamed by Beresford despite Churchill's remonstrances)[28] drove Churchill to ask Prince Louis to resign as on 27 October 1914,[29] which Louis did amidst an outpouring of appreciation from politicians and his naval comrades.
Beresford remained an MP until 1916, although he retired from the navy in 1911. In 1916, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Beresford of Metemmeh and of Curraghmore in the County of Waterford.[30] Lord Beresford died in 1919 at the age of 73, at which point his title became extinct.